present participle

Present participle

Present participle atau active participle adalah:

Verb yang berujung –ing. Apabila present participle didahului oleh “tobe” maka akan menjadi continous. Present participle sering muncul setelah ojek dari verb yang berfungsi sebagai Adjective atau Adverb.

Apabila present participle (v-ing) muncul diawal kalimat perhatikan dan perlu diingat bahwa dalam bentuk present participle sudah terkandung beberapa kat.

Contoh:

1.      Walking alone the street, Mr. Jhoshmet his old friend.

2.      Having studied at LPIA, Dina went home with her classmate.

3.      Being ill, my sister had her diner brought to her bedroom.

4.      Turning to the right, you will find their house.

5.      We are drinking a lot this night.

6.      Running downthe stairs, maria slipped and broke her hand.

7.      Having completed the English task, my friend felt so great.

8.      Passing the final axamination smoothly, you will be the best student in this school.

9.      Being sick, nurul is absent.

10.  Reading a book, we get many knowledge.

Past participle

Past participle atau passive participle

Kata kerja yang memakai verb-3 yang berakhiran –ed untuk kata kerja beraturan. Past participle biasanya digunakan untuk perfect tense dan passive tense kadang-kadang sebagai adjective.

a.       Fungsi utama: menggantikan anak kalimat pengganti kata sifat yang bersifat passive.

è The bike which was broken by Gerry has not been repaired yet.

b.      Menyatakan sebab akibat.

è Because the city is surrounded by a mountain, the city has a cool climate.

Contoh:

1.      We have already written our reports.

2.      Derry has already read the entire reference book of yesterday.

3.      A truk looded with vegetable hit a tree.

4.      The student choosen to attend a student conference in UK

5.      They had gone to UK before I met in airport.

subjunctive contruction

Subjunctive Construction

Merupakan sebuah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan situasi yang tidak nyata atau berebeda dengan kenyataan, kebutuhan dan saran. Biasanya menggunakan kata : wish, as, if, as though.

Present subjunctive construction

o   Bentuk present menggunakan bare invinitive, yaitu kata kerja bentuk sederhana tanpa penambahan –s/-es meskipun subjek yang digunakan orang ketiga seperti: the man, mather, I, she, he.

o   Penngunaan verb be sepert “ is, are”  diganti dengan “be”

Past subjunctive construction

o   Bentuk past sama dengan past indicative/ normal. Pengunaan verb be seperti “was / were” diganti “were”

Contoh:

1.      I wish my mather were nice to him.

2.      I recommend that she take a English class.

3.      The doctor suggest that tea water be replaced with white water.

4.      It is desirable that they be on time.

5.      It is necessary that she prepare for the next exam.

6.      If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money for charity.

7.      I wish he were here to repair my computer.

8.      Everybody wishes that sarah were able to contrl her emotion

9.      I wouldn’t be panic if I were you.

10.  Robi acts as through he were a king.

conditional sentence

Conditional Sentence

conditional sentence is:

complex sentence that consist of dependent clause which start bi subordinate conjunction if like condition and independent clause like result or consequence from their condition. 

There are 3 kinds of conditional sentence:

a.    Conditional sentence type-1

Conditional sentenc etype 1 is:

Conditional sentence that used when the result of consequence from condition has the posibility for true because the condition is  realistic

If + condition, result/ consequence

If + simple present, (will+ bare infinitive)/ imperative

For example :

1.    If I have enough time I will go to Bali.

2.    If it does not rain  today I will go to the movies together Rica.

3.    If I study hard i will get good grades.

4.    If I get good grades I will be given a gift from father .

5.    If I have enough money i will go on vocation with my family.

Result/ consequence + if + condition

(will + bare infinitive)/ imperative + if +simple present

 For example:

6.    I will go to Bali if i have enough time.

7.    I will go to movies together Rica if not rain today.

8.    I will get good grades if I study hard.

9.    I will be given a gift  from father if i get good grades.

10. I will go on vocation with my family ifi have enough money.

For negative condotion:

If ....(not)/ negative if + condition

Unless

 For example:

1.if you do not get home, your mother will be worried.

    Unless you get home, your mother will be worried.

b.    Conditional sentence type- 2

Conditional sentenc type- 2 is:

Conditional sentence that used when the result or consequence from condition has no posibility to true because to condition present unreal situation or  unlike to happen.

conditional sentence type 2

If + condition, result/ consequence

If + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive

For example:

1.    If i learned he would cry.

2.    If mother cooked rice father would read newspaper

3.    If father came he would happy.

4.    If he learned he would be smart.

5.    If i do not came he would get angry.

If + condition, result/ consequence

If + simple past, would/ could/ might + bare infinitive

For example:

1.    He  would cry if I learned.

2.    Father would read newspaper if mother cook rice.

3.    He would happy if father came.

4.    He would be smart if he learned.

5.    He would get angry if he do not came.

In conditional sentence type- 2 “were” exchange “was” althought the subject is,she,he,it. It show that the condition is so impossible to true.

Ex:          If she were a millionaire, she would like to donate her money to charity

Negative condition:

If... (not)/ negative if + condition

Unless

For example:  

1.    If Nisa didn’t study hard, she would fail.

Unless Nisa studied hard, she would fail.

c.    Conditional sentence type-3

Conditionl sentenc type-3 is: conditional sentence that used when the result or consequence from the condition imposible to true because he condition must be done on past. 

If + condition, result/ consequence

If + past perfect, would/ should/ could/ might have+ past participle

 For example:

1.    If she had  given me direction I would have done it soon.

2.    If I had got the blood my grandma would has lived.

3.    If you had gone soon my father has not been angry.

4.    If you had driven a car we would not has come late.

5.    If my friend had come here he would have given us a delicious pizza.

Result / consequence + if + condition

Would / should/could/might have + past participle + if + past perfect

 For example:

6.    I would have lived happily if he had married me.

7.    He would have coming soon if I had called him.

8.    Randy would have done everything if I had become his wife.

9.    My father would have given me anything if I had become a winner.

10. I would have a big problem if Diana had told her father.

Inverted word order on conditional sentence type-3

Inverted word order mean the verb appear before subject. This condition happent on conditional clause by losing “if” word and exchange the position of subject and verb.

Ex:

1.    If you  had  saved your gold in a safety deposit box, it wouldn’t have gone

       S     v

Had  you saved your gold in a safety deposit bix, it wouldn’t have go