Structure III

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech or indirect speech is the sentence which expressed through another people. Reported or indirect speech is used if we want to retell one’s opinion or someone talk to another people.

Usually in reported speech there are punctuation mark ( , ) .

Reported speech is started by introducing verbs such as:

Say , Tell, Answer, Inform, Explain, Add, Order,  Command

Example:

Direct speech:

1.     Bella says:”I want to go to Jakarta to holiday”

Indirect speech:

2.    Bella said that she wanted to go to Jakarta to holoday.

Exchange of tenses

Direct speech	Indirect speech
1.     Simple present	Simple past
2.    Present Continous	Past Continous Tense
3.    Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4.    Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continous
5.    Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
6.    Past Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
7.    Present Future	Past Future
8.    Future Continous	Past Future Continous
9.    Past Future Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous
10. Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
11.  Future Perfect Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous
12. Past Future Perfect Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous

Exchange of Modal Auxiliary:

No	Direct speech	Indirect Speech	Mean
1	Will / Shall	Would / Should	Akan / Sebaiknya
2	Can	Could	Bisa
3	May	Might	Boleh
4	Must	Had to	Harus
5	Have to / Has to	Had to	Harus
6	Could	Could have	Bisa
7	Might	Might have	Boleh

Exchange of Place and Time:

No	Direct	Indirect
1	Now	Then
2	Yesterday	The day before
3	Last Week	The week before
4	Two days ago	Two days before
5	Today	That day
6	Tommorrow	The following day
7	Next mounth	The following mounth
8	Here	There
9	This	That
10	These	Those

Reported speech is devided into 3 kinds:

1.  Statement : use conjungtion “THAT”

Example:

a.    Mother says:” I will to go to market to buy vegetables       Mother said that she would to go to market to bay vegetables.

b.    The girl says to her father, “I want to become a teacher.”

she said to her father that she wanted to be a teacher.

c.    He says to me :“this is a book”

He said to me that this was a bok

d.    She says to him, “I can give you my book.

she said to him that she could give him her book.

2.  Questions : use conjunction “IF of WHETER”

a.    The old woman says: “I have no maney for you”

The old woman said if she had no money for me.

b.    Rika asks:”what is your name?”

Rika asked if my name is.

c.    The boy ask me :” where do you live?”

The boy asked if where I live in.

3.  Command : use “NOT or TO”

a.    Father says:” help me to buy news paper”

Father asked me to help to bought news paper.

b.    Teacher says:” keep silent please”

Teacher asked to keep silent.

c.    Dinda says :”do not to make any problem”

Dinda asked not to make any problem.

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

Declarative sentence is sentences that are used to make a statement of fact or opinion. This sentence content a notification.

Declarative sentence is the most frequent type of sentence used.

Declaration sentence is ended by full stop ( . ).

Example :

1.     Water is very importan for our people.

2.    I’am a student in Muhammadiyah university of surakarta.

3.    Mother goes to Jakartra twice a week.

4.    Annis and Rudi sing a song everyday.

5.    My sister always cooks rice in the kitchen.

6.    Last night someone broke into our house.

7.    Elisabeth looks very happy today.

8.    Adi is accepted at the University of Indonesia.

9.    I sent my application letter yesterday.

10. I didn’t see Elli at Rina’s party yesterday.

INTROGATIVE SENTENCE

Introgative sentence is sentence that delivered with the intent to get a response in the form of information, explanation, or questions.

Usually this sentence is ended by quetion mark ( ? ).

There are many kinds of quetions mark:

1.  Yes- No Question.

This sentence needed yes or no answer.

The formating of this sentence is:

Tobe( is, am, are/ was, were)       + Subject + Predicat Object + ? Aux (do,does, did / have, has, had)

Example:

a.    Is mother cooking rice in the kitchen?

b.    Are they playing a ball?

c.    Will Jhon play game tomorrow?

d.    Can you play the piano?

e.    Does  Rani always study english?

f.    Do you usually write a latter?

g.    Could you help me?

h.    Would you open the door, please?

i.     Will you take the bag?

j.     Did they play ball yesterday?

2.  WH-Question.

This sentence is started by: what, when, where, who, why, how question.

The formating of this sentence is:

Wh-Question (what, where, when, who, why, how)+ Subject + Predicat + Object + ?         ( which, whom, whose)

Function of Wh-Question:

Wh- question	function	mean
Where, when, why, how	Replace as adverb	Kata keterangan
What, who	Replace subject/ object
Whose	Replace possessive	Kata ganti milik
Whom, what, who, which	Replace object

Example :

a.     When is Peter eating rice in the restaurant?

b.    Who did go to Jakarta by plane yesterday?

c.    How did Rudy go to Bandung yesterday?

d.    When did Randy go to market?

e.    What do they always study in the class?

f.    Whose does that home?

g.    When will mother go to Jakarta?

h.    Where is Andika writing letter?

i.     Where do you always study english?

j.     When you will buy a book?

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

     Imperative sentence is used to make a command, warnind, advise, instruction or request. This sentence is ended by exclamation mark(!).

The usage:

·         Use verb withouth “to”

·         Add “Do” in front of verb to made politly

·         Don’t add subject

·         In negative sentence add”do not”

·         Allow to add “let’s or let’s not”

Example :

1.     Go from my face now !

2.    Please bring my book !

3.    Please stop it!

4.    Don’t laugh!

5.    Don’t go any where!

6.    Keep smile!

7.    Stay in here!

8.    Let’s star now!

9.    Don’t touch that thing !

10. Be careful when you go!

CAUSATIVE VERB

Causative verb is a verb used to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action that happens but someone or something else is doing the action

Causative verb is devide into 2 kind:

1.  Active Voice:

Active voice is the sentence that the subject doing something.

In the active voice (active voice), we simply use the basic form of the verb (verbs) in the preparation of the sentence.

Formating of active voice:

Subject + Verb( match with tenses) + Object

Example :

a.    Mother is cooking rice in the kitchen

b.    Randy will write a latter.

c.    They are playing badminton.

d.    Dinda can dance jaipong.

e.    She makes birthday cake  in the kitchen.

f.    Agus studies english in the class room.

g.    Rico ate rice yesterday.

h.    I always eat rice everyday.

i.     Father has written a latter.

j.     They have bought two new cars.

2.  Passive Voice:

Passive Voice is santence that the subjec do any work. In other hands, the sentence is subject to the target activity expressed by the verb.

The formation of passive voice is:

Subject + (tobe +  verb3) + By Object

Example:

a.    Rice is being cooked by mother in the kitchen.

b.    A latter will be written by Randy.

c.    Badminton is plyed by them.

d.    Jaipong can be danced Dinda.

e.    Birthday cake is made  by her in the kitchen.

f.    English is studied by Agus in the class room.

g.    Rice was eaten by rico yesterday.

h.    Rice are always eaten by me averyday.

i.     A latter has been written by father.

j.     Two new cars have been bought by them

3.  Causative word ( have, Let, Get, Ask, Want)

Causative Word

1.     Active-Pasive Voice

Active Voice:

Active voice is the sentence that the subject doing something.

In the active voice (active voice), we simply use the basic form of the verb (verbs) in the preparation of the sentence.

Formating of active voice:

Subject + Verb( match with tenses) + Object

Passive Voice:

Passive Voice is santence that the subjec do any work. In other hands, the sentence is subject to the target activity expressed by the verb.

The formation of passive voice is:
 

Subject + (tobe +  verb3) + By Object

Passive verb forms:

a.    Passive verb has a form of be and a passive participle:

No	Tenses	Active	Passive
1	Present simple	They play the game	The game is played
2	Present continous	They are playying the game	The game is being played
3	Present perfect	They have played the game	The game has been played
4	Past simple	They played the game	The game was played
5	Past continous	They are playing the game	The game was being played
6	Past perfect	They have played the game	The game has been played
7	future	They are going to play the game	The game is going to be played

b.    Negative and Question

In the negative cot comes after the first auxiliary.

For example:

In active   à I still have not found some money

In passive à the money has not been found

In question there is inversion of the subject and first auxiliary.

For example:

In active    à have you found some money?

In passive à   has the money been found?

c.    Modal Verb

We cab use the passive with the Modal verb, or with a phrase like have to.

For exmple:

In active à I can buy stam at any post office

I passive à stamp can be bought at any post office

d.    Phare verb

Some phrasal and preposition verb can be passive.

For example:

In active   à the flat knock down last year.

In passive à the flat were knoked down last years

e.    Causative verb

Causative are used to say that a person is forced to ormade to do something.

Causative can be different language to language, they can be a challenge for learners.

Thete are many kinds of causative word, for example:

1.     Have

1.The mechanic changed the oil in my car.

2.The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style.

3.A decorator has repainted our house.

4.A friend of mine, who ́s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player  next week.

5.My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner ́s.

6.The town hall has just been rebuilt for the council.

7. My English teacher had me give oral speaking

8.  I have fixe my car

9. We had to do some kinds of work.

10.  I have to clean my jacket at laundry.

1.I had the oil in my car changed.

2.I had my hair cut in a completely new style.

3.We have had our house repainted.

4.I ́m going to have my DVD player repaired next week by a friend of mine, who ́s an electrician.

5.I ́m having my jacket cleaned at a specialist cleaner ́s.

6.The council have just had the town hall rebuilt.

7.My english teacher had oral speak given.

8.I have my car fixed.

9.We had some kind of work done for us.

10I have my jacket cleaned at a laundry

In passive:

2.    LET

In active:

1.     My father lets me choose my own future carier

2.    The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.

3.    John let me drive his new car.

4.    Will your parents let you go to the party?

5.    I don’t know if my boss will let me take the day off

6.    My teacher lets me to leave the class room

7.    My mother lets me to take a nap at erna’s home

8.    Father lets me to introduce my friend

9.    They let me to send a letter

10. She lets jhon to clean the room

In passive:

1.     My father lets my own future carier choosed

2.    The shepherd lts in the meadow grazed

3.    Jhon let his new car driven.

4.    Will your parent lests the party gone?

5.    I dont know if will let me the day of taken.

6.    My teacher lets the classroom left.

7.    My mother lets me erna’s home taken a nap.

8.    Father lets me my friend introduced.

9.    They let me a letter sent

10. She lets the room cleaned.

3.    GET

In active:

1.     She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.

2.    The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.

3.    She gets her mother to cook some food

4.    They get the children to clean the house

5.    Did you get the experts to fix the damage?

6.    Will he get them to follow the meeting?

7.    She gets the mechanic fixed her car.

8.    They get an accountant do their taxes.

9.    Who got a friend type her letter?

10. I got my friend to help this homework

In passive:

1.     She got her tennis racket bought

2.    The boy got a mouse chased

3.    She gets some food cooked

4.    They get the house cleaned

5.    Did you get the damage fixed?

6.    Will he gets the meeting followed?

7.    She gets her car fixed by mechanic.

8.    They get their taxes done every year by an accountant.

9.    Who got her letter typed by a friend?

10. I got the homework helped.

4.    ASK

In active:

1.     Dina asks me to buy some egg

2.    Rania asks her to help mother

3.    Lectured asks the student to do assigment

4.    Marry asks her mother to give some money

5.    Reza asks maria to go away

6.    Father asks me to read a book

7.    Grand mather asks her husband to send a letter

8.    Dian asks her friend to bring her bag

9.    Lina asks her mather to call her

10. Veni asks them to keep silent

In passive:

1.     Dina asks some eggs bought

2.    Rania asks mother helped

3.    Lectured asks assignmrent done

4.    Marry asks some money given

5.    Reza assks away gone

6.    Father asks a bok red

7.    Grand mather asks a letter sended

8.    Dian asks her bag brough

9.    Lina asks her called

10. Veni assk silent kept

5.    WANT

In active:

1.     Hani wants you to make a cake

2.    Fajar wants me to help him

3.    Doni wants his book to returne him

4.    Maya want their son get well son

5.    Dani want mulan to marry him

6.    Abdul want his girlfrien wait him

7.    Ema wants her friend to receive her message.

8.    Monic wants the sister to visit her at hospital

9.    My uncle wants met cook some rice

10. I want him to meet me soon

In passive:

1.     Hani want a cake made

2.    Fajar want him helped

3.    Doni want him returned

4.    Maya want him got well soon

5.    Dani want him maried

6.    Abdul want him waited

7.    Ema wants a message received

8.    Monic wants at hospital visited

9.    My uncle wants some rice cooked

10. I want me soon met